Human macrophage function was similarly regulated by EETs. Heterologous overexpression of TLR2 and peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 (PGLYRP1) in Ephx2–/– macrophages restored macrophage activation and phagocytosis. Consistent with these observations, Ephx2–/– macrophages displayed reduced phagocytosis of S. pneumoniae infection however, Ephx2 disruption attenuated proinflammatory cytokine induction, Tlr2 and Pgylrp1 receptor upregulation, and Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrates 1 and 2 (Rac1/2) and cell division control protein 42 homolog (Cdc42) activation in PGN-stimulated macrophages. Ephx2–/– mice had normal lung Il1b, Il6, and Tnfa expression levels and macrophage recruitment to the lungs during S. The EET receptor antagonist EEZE restored lung clearance of S. Lung bacterial clearance of Streptococcus pneumoniae was impaired in Ephx2-deficient (Ephx2–/–) mice and in mice treated with an sEH inhibitor. Macrophage activation is critical to many inflammatory responses however, the role of EETs and sEH in regulating macrophage function remains unknown. Hydrolysis of EETs by soluble epoxide hydrolase/ epoxide hydrolase 2 (sEH/EPHX2) to less active diols attenuates their antiinflammatory effects.
These findings suggest that modifying CREBH expression in the liver may ameliorate atherosclerosis and, perhaps, other diabetes complications.Įpoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) have potent antiinflammatory properties. A proinflammatory mechanism likely underlies the atherogenicity of remnant lipoproteins.
Notably, the TGs were lowered by a mechanism that was independent of LPL, and atherosclerosis was alleviated by enhanced lipoprotein remnant clearance as opposed to increased lipolysis of TG-rich lipoprotein precursors. Overexpression of a CREBH fragment reduced apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) levels, which reduced plasma TGs. examined the effects of the basic leucine zipper transcription factor CREBH, which induces genes that activate LPL in mouse models of type I diabetes. In this issue of the JCI, Shimizu-Albergine et al. While lipoprotein lipase (LPL) hydrolyzes triglyceride (TG) cargo into remnant lipoproteins with atherogenic properties, how remnant lipoprotein clearance relates to atherosclerosis in people with diabetes remains unclear. Hypertriglyceridemia is associated with obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerosis.
While HIV infection is the major risk factor for TB, these findings suggest that ART may modulate AM responses and potentially contribute to residual risk of aTB in fully treated HIV. tuberculosis–stimulated AMs from PLWH and from healthy individuals on PrEP showed blunted responses compared with healthy controls. tuberculosis and epigenetic configuration, transcriptional responses, and cytokine production were assessed. To mimic the earliest event in tuberculosis (TB), the authors isolated AMs from broncheoalveolar lavage (BAL) of PLWH, healthy individuals, and healthy individuals taking antitretroviral therapy (ART) as preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent HIV acquisition. investigated alveolar macrophages (AMs) from people living with HIV (PLWH). In this issue of the JCI, Correa-Macedo and Fava et al. tuberculosis) coinfection increases the risk of active tuberculosis (aTB), but how HIV infection and medications contribute to drive risk remains unknown.
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